Dotted half rest11/8/2023 ![]() DNS study of a pipe flow following a step increase in flow rate. ![]() Wall shear stress in accelerating turbulent pipe flow. Rapid temporal acceleration of a turbulent pipe flow. A study of turbulence under conditions of transient flow in a pipe. Exceeding the asymptotic limit of polymer drag reduction. The ultimate asymptote and mean flow structure in Toms’ phenomenon. Microelectromechanical systems-based feedback control of turbulence for skin friction reduction. ![]() Experimental assessment of drag reduction by traveling waves in a turbulent pipe flow. Relaminarization of turbulent channel flow using traveling wave-like wall deformation. Sustained sub-laminar drag in a fully developed channel flow. Mechanisms on transverse motions in turbulent wall flows. Closed-loop turbulence control: progress and challenges. Hot-film anemometer velocity measurements of arterial blood flow in horses. Assessment of flow instabilities in the healthy aorta using flow-sensitive MRI. Pump Life Cycle Costs: A Guide to LCC Analysis for Pumping Systems (Hydraulic Institute, Europump, and the US Department of Energy’s Office of Industrial Technologies, 2001).Īvila, K. Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Hemodynamic shear stress and the endothelium in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Vascular endothelium responds to fluid shear stress gradients. Turbulent fluid shear stress induces vascular endothelial cell turnover in vitro. This specific operation mode is more efficient when compared with steady driving, which is the present situation for virtually all fluid transport processes ranging from heating circuits to water, gas and oil pipelines. At Reynolds numbers comparable to those of aortic blood flow, turbulence is largely inhibited, whereas at much higher speeds, the turbulent drag is reduced by more than 25%. Here we show that turbulence in ordinary pipe flow is diminished if the flow is driven in a pulsatile mode that incorporates all the key features of the cardiac waveform. For aortic blood flow, high turbulence levels are intolerable as they would damage the shear-sensitive endothelial cell layer 2, 3, 4, 5. Conversely, for pulsatile flows, in particular for aortic blood flow, turbulence levels remain low despite relatively large peak velocities. ![]() For bowed instruments, it means, pause, but hardly lift the bow off the strings.Flows through pipes and channels are, in practice, almost always turbulent, and the multiscale eddying motion is responsible for a major part of the encountered friction losses and pumping costs 1. Basically, it is an indicator (especially for wind instruments and singers) to take a quick breath. Combined with a fermata, the caesura indicates a much longer pause.Ī breath mark appears as an apostrophe in musical notation. It looks like two forward slashes parallel to each other on the top line of a music staff.īy itself, it indicates a short silence with a sudden stop and sudden resume. with the difference of typically a shorter duration of silence. The caesura is used in a similar manner to the G.P. The pause is left to the discretion of the performer or conductor. Sometimes, the fermata can appear above a whole rest. Usually, a fermata indicates that a note should be sustained longer than its value. The length of the pause is left to the discretion of the performer or conductor. The notation "G.P." or "L.P." is marked over a whole rest. Indicates pause or silence for all instruments or voices. ![]()
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